Quote Archive | The Wisdom and Folly of Abigail Adams, American Founding Mother

(Updated May 28, 2025)

Abigail Adams (1744-1818) was an American “Founding Mother” who was the wife of John Adams, who served as the United States’ first Vice President, and second President.

Letters

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (August 11, 1763)¹

And there is a tie more binding than humanity, and stronger than friendship, which makes us anxious for the happiness and welfare of those to whom it binds us. It makes their misfortunes, sorrows and afflictions, our own. Unite these, and there is a threefold cord [Ecc. 4:12]—by this cord I am not ashamed to own myself bound, nor do I believe that you are wholly free from it…

The fabric often wants repairing and if we neglect it the Deity will not long inhabit it, yet after all our care and solicitude to preserve it, it is a tottering building, and often reminds us that it will finally fall.

Abigail Adams, To Isaac Smith Jr. (April 20, 1771)²

Don’t you think this little spot of ours better calculated for happiness than any other you have yet seen or read of. Would you exchange it for England, France, Spain, or Italy? Are not the people here more upon an equality in point of knowledge and of circumstances—there being none so immensely rich as to Lord it over us, neither any so abjectly poor as to suffer for the necessaries of life provided they will use the means. It has heretofore been our boasted privilege that we could sit under our own vine and apple trees [Mic. 4:4] in peace enjoying the fruits of our own labor—but alas! the much dreaded change Heaven avert.

Abigail Adams, To Mercy Otis Warren (July 16, 1773)³

Air, sun, and water, the common blessings of Heaven; we receive as our just due, and too seldom acknowledge our obligations to the Father of the rain; and the gracious dispenser of every good and perfect gift [Jas. 1:17], yet if but for a very little while these blessings are withheld, or sparingly dealt out to us, we then soon discover how weak, how little and how blind, we are.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (September 14, 1774)⁴

I have always thought it of very great importance that children should, in the early part of life, be unaccustomed to such examples as would tend to corrupt the purity of their words and actions, that they may chill with horror at the sound of an oath [Matt. 5:34; Jas. 5:12], and blush with indignation at an obscene expression. These first principles, which grow with their growth, and strengthen with their strength, neither time nor custom can totally eradicate…

You have before you…the greatest national concerns that ever came before any people; and if the prayers and petitions ascend unto heaven which are daily offered for you, wisdom will flow down as a stream, and righteousness as the mighty waters [Amos 5:24], and your deliberations will make glad the cities of our God [Ps. 46:4; “cities of our God” from 1 Chron. 19:13; 2 Sam. 10:12].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (September 24, 1774)⁵

Not one action has been brought to this court; no business of any sort in your way. All law ceases and the gospel will soon follow, for they are supporters of each other.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 16, 1774)⁶

Whether the end will be tragical [sic], Heaven alone knows. You cannot be, I know, nor do I wish to see you, an inactive spectator. But if the sword be drawn, I bid adieu to all domestic felicity, and look forward to the country where there is neither wars nor rumors of war [Matt. 24:6; Mark 13:7], in a firm belief, that through the mercy of its King [Jesus] we shall both rejoice there together.

Abigail Adams, To Mercy Otis Warren (February 3, 1775)⁷

[T]his now seems to be all that is left to Americans with unfeigned and penitent supplications to that Being who delights in the welfare of his creatures, and who we humbly hope will engage on our side, and who if we must go forth in defense of our injured and oppressed country will we hope deliver us from the hands of our enemies and those that persecute us [Ps. 31:15]. Though an host should encamp against us our hearts will not fear. Though war should rise against us, in this will we be confident [Ps. 27:3], that the Lord reigneth [Ps. 97, et al]. Let thy Mercy, oh Lord, be upon us according as we hope in thee [Ps. 33:22]…

We know too well the blessings of freedom to tamely resign it—and there really seems to be a ray of light breaking through the palpable darkness which has for so long a time darkened our hemisphere and threatened to overwhelm us in one common 41 | 42 ruin and I cannot but hope with you for more favorable scenes, and brighter days…Whatever may be their [the British] secret motives to a change of measures is uncertain, but from their former conduct we shall have little reason to think that justice or humanity were the motives, and must ever maintain a jealous eye over those who have acted so repugnant to all laws both humane and Divine. May justice and liberty finally prevail and the friends of freedom enjoy that satisfaction and tranquility which ever attends upright intentions and is the sure recompense of virtue.

But if adverse days are still allotted us, which neither wisdom or prudence can prevent, it must be a continual source of satisfaction that every method consistent with reason and religion have been adopted to avert the calamities. But if innocence must be exposed to calumny and virtue become the object of persecution and the upright individual fall a sacrifice to his own virtue, still we must arraign the divine justice which acts not by partial but by general laws and may have every important and extensive consequences to answer for the general good of society.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (May 4, 1775)⁸

May the fate of Mordecai be his.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (May 7, 1775)⁹

Nor doth the eye say unto the hand, “I have no need of thee” (1 Cor. 12:21). The Lord will not cast off his people, neither will He forsake his inheritance. Great events are most certainly in the womb of futurity; and, if the present chastisements which we experience have a proper influence upon our conduct, the events will certainly be in our favor.

The distress of the inhabitants of Boston are beyond the power of language to describe; there are but very few who are permitted to come out in a day; they delay giving passes, make them wait from hour to hour, and their counsels are not two hours together alike…One day, their household furniture is to come out; the next, only wearing apparel; the next, Pharaoh’s heart is hardened, and he refused to hearken to them, and will not let the people go [Ex. 9:12]. May their deliverance be wrought out for them, as it was for the children of Israel. I do not mean by miracles, but by the interposition of Heaven in their favor.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (June 16, 1775)¹⁰

Satan, when driven from the regions of bliss [Isa. 14:13-16; Ezek. 28:16-17; Luke 10:18], exhibited not more malice [than British General Gage]. Surely the father of lies is superseded [John 8:44].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (June 18, 1775)¹¹

The Day; perhaps the decisive Day is come on which the fate of America depends. My bursting Heart must find vent at my pen. I have just heard that our dear Friend Dr. Warren is no more but fell gloriously fighting for his Country—saying better to die honorably in the field than ignominiously hang upon the Gallows. Great is our Loss. He has distinguished himself in every engagement, by his courage and fortitude, by animating the Soldiers and leading them on by his own example. A particular account of these dreadful, but I hope Glorious Days will be transmitted you, no doubt in the exactest [sic] manner.

“The race is not to the swift, not the battle to the strong [Ecc. 9:11]; but the God of Israel is He that giveth strength and power unto his people [Ps. 68:35]. Trust in him at times, ye people, pour out your hearts before him; God is a refuge for us” (Ps. 62:8)…Almighty God, cover the heads of our countrymen, and be a shield to our dear friends! How many have fallen, we know not. The constant roar of the cannon is so distressing that we cannot eat, drink, or sleep. May we be supported and sustained in the dreadful conflict.

Tis expected they will come out over the Neck to night, and a dreadful Battle must ensue. Almighty God cover the heads of our Country men, and be a shield to our Dear Friends. How many have fallen we know not—the constant roar of the cannon is so distressing that we cannot Eat, Drink or Sleep. May we be supported and sustained in the dreadful conflict…I cannot compose myself to write any further at present…

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (June 22, 1775)¹²

We want powder, but, with the blessing of Heaven, we fear them not.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (June 25, 1775)¹³

We live in continual expectation of hostilities. Scarcely a day that does not produce some; but, like good Nehemiah, having made our prayer unto God, and set the people with their swords, their spears, and their bows, we will say unto them, “Be not ye afraid of them; remember the Lord, who is great and terrible, and fight for your brethren, your sons, and your daughters, your wives and your houses” (Neh. 4:14)…

They [the British] delight in molesting us upon the Sabbath. Two Sabbaths we have been in such alarm that we have had no meeting; this day we have sat under our own vine in quietness [Mic. 4:4]; have heard Mr. Taft [a preacher] from Psalms, “The Lord is good to all, and his tender mercies are over all his works” (Ps. 145:9).

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (July 5, 1775)¹⁴

Danger, they say, makes people valiant. Hitherto, I have been distressed, but not dismayed [2 Cor. 4:8]. I have felt for my country and her sons. I have bled with them and for them.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (July 16, 1775)¹⁵

How difficult the task to quench the fire and the pride of private ambition, and to sacrifice ourselves and all our hopes and expectations to the public weal! How few have souls capable of so noble an undertaking! How often are the laurels worn by those who have had no share in earning them! But there is a future recompense of reward to which the upright man looks, and which he will most assuredly obtain, provided he perseveres unto the end.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (July 25, 1775)¹⁶

[Quoting a letter by General Lee concerning the speech of a British General in the House of Commons] “As to Burgoyne, I am not master of language sufficient to give you a true idea of the horrible wickedness of man. His designs are dark; his dissimulation of the deepest dye; for, not content with deceiving mankind, he practices deceit on God himself, by assuming the appearance (like Hutchinson [a loyalist governor of Massachusetts] of great attention to religious worship, when every action of his life is totally abhorrent to all ideas of true religion, virtue, or common honesty.” …Even “the devils believe and tremble,” and I really believe they [the British] are more afraid of the Americans’ prayers than of their swords.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (July 31, 1775)¹⁷

No one can tell the secret designs of such fellows whom no oath binds. He may be sent with assassinating designs. I can credit any villainy that a Caesar Borgia would have been guilty of, or Satan himself would rejoice in. Those who do not scruple to bring poverty, misery, slavery, and death upon thousands will not hesitate at the most diabolical crimes; and this is Britain! O Americans, that ever you derived your origin from such a race…[Comparing Julius Caesar to British General Gage] How much does pagan tenderness put Christian benevolence to shame!

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (September 16/17, 1775)¹⁸

[T]hanks be to that Being who restraineth the pestilence, that it has not yet proved mortal to any of our family, though we live in daily expectation that Patty will not continue many hours…

We have four Sundays without any meeting. Thus does pestilence travel in the rear of war, to remind us of our entire dependence upon that Being who not only directeth the arrow by day, but has also at his command that which flieth in 95 | 96 darkness. So uncertain and so transitory are all the enjoyments of life, that were it not for the tender connections which bind us, would it not be folly to wish for continuance here? I think I shall never be wedded to the world, and were I to lose about a dozen of my dearest connections, I should have no further relish for life.

But perhaps I deceive myself and know but little of my own heart.

“To bear and suffer is our portion here.”

And unto Him who mounts the whirlwind [Job 38:1, etc.] and directs the storm [Jesus walking on the water] I will cheerfully leave the ordering of my lot, and whether adverse or prosperous days should be my future portion, I will trust in his right hand to lead me safely through, and, after a short rotation of events, fix me in a state immutable and happy.

You will think me melancholy. ‘Tis true, I am much affected by the distressed scenes around me, but I have some anxieties in my mind which I do not think it prudent to mention at present to anyone…

God helps them that help themselves, as King Richard [referring to Benjamin Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac] says; and if we can obtain the Divine aid by our own virtue, fortitude, and perseverance, we may be sure of relief.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 1, 1775)¹⁹

Have pity upon me. Have pity upon me, O thou my beloved, for the hand of God presseth me sore [Job 19:21]. Yet I will be dumb and silent, and not open my mouth, because Thou, O Lord, hast done it [Ps. 39:9].

Yet will I be dumb and silent, and not open my mouth, because Thou, O Lord, hast done it.

How can I tell you (O my bursting heart!) that my dear mother has left me? This day, about five o’clock, she left this world for an infinitely better.

After sustaining sixteen days’ severe conflict, nature fainted, and she fell asleep. Blessed spirit! Where art thou? At time I am almost ready to faint under this severe and heavy stroke, [the death of her mother] separated from thee, who used to be a comforter to me in affliction; but, blessed be God, his ear is not heavy that He cannot hear [Isa. 59:1], but He has bid us call upon Him in time of trouble [Ps. 50:15]… 99 | 100

My poor father, like a firm believer and a good Christian, set before his children the best of examples of patience and submission…Almighty God! Restrain the pestilence which walketh in darkness and wasteth at noonday [Ps. 91:6], and which has laid in the dust one of the dearest of parents…

‘Tis a dreadful time with the whole province. Sickness and death are in almost every family. I have no more shocking and terrible idea of any distemper, except the plague, than this.

Almighty God! restrain the pestilence which walketh in darkness and wasteth at noonday [Ps. 91:6], and which has laid in the dust one of the dearest of parents.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 9, 1775)²⁰

I have not been composed enough to write you since last Sabbath, when in the bitterness of my soul I wrote a few confused lines, since which it has pleased the great disposer of all events to add breach to breach [Job 16:14].

“Rare are solitary woes, they leave a train

And tread each other’s heels.”

…But blessed be the Father of mercies, all our family are now well, though I have my apprehension lest the malignancy of the air in the house may have infected some of them…

How long, O Lord, shall the whole land say, I am sick [Isa. 33:24]! Oh, show us wherefore it is that Thou art thus contending with us! In a very particular manner I have occasion to make this inquiry, who had breach upon breach [Job 16:14]—nor has one wound been permitted to be healed ere it is made to bleed afresh… 103 | 104

At the same time, I know a patient submission is my duty. [Her mother had just died] I will strive to obtain it, but the lenient hand of time alone can blunt the keen edge of sorrow. He who deigned to weep over a departed friend [Jesus; see John 11:35] will surely forgive a sorrow which at all times desires to be bounded and restrained by a firm belief that a Being of infinite wisdom and unbounded goodness will carve out my portion in tender mercy to me. Yea, though He slay me, I will trust in Him, said holy Job [Job 13:15]. What though His corrective hand hath been stretched against me; I will not murmur. Though earthly comforts are taken away, I will not repine. He who gave them as surely a right to limit their duration, and He who gave them surely a right to limit their duration, and He has continued them to me much longer that I deserve. I might have been stripped of my children, as many others have been. I might—oh, forbid it Heaven—I might have been left a solitary widow!

Still I have many blessings left, many comforts thankful for and rejoice in. I am not left to mourn as one without hope [1 Thess. 4:13]. My dear parents knew in whom she had believed, and from the first attack of the distemper she was persuaded it would prove fatal to her. A solemnity possessed her soul, nor could you force a smile from her till she died. The violence of her disease soon weakened her so that she was unable to converse, but whenever she could speak, she testified her willingness to leave the world and an entire resignation to the Divine Will. She retained her senses to the last moment of her existence, and departed the world with an easy tranquility, trusting in the merits of a Redeemer. Her passage to immortality was marked with a placid smile upon her countenance, nor was there to be seen scarcely a vestige of the king of terrors.

“The sweet remembrance of the just

Shall flourish when they sleep in Dust.”

‘Tis by soothing grief that it can be healed… 104 | 105

Oh, how I have longed for your bosom, to pour forth my sorrows there and find a healing balm; but perhaps that has been denied me that I might be led to a higher and a more permanent consolatory who has bid us call upon Him in the day of trouble…

It gives me great pleasure to hear of your health. I pray Heaven for the continuance of it…

But let not that man be trusted who can violate private faith and cancel solemn covenants, who can leap over moral law and laugh at Christianity. How is he to be bound whom neither honor nor conscience holds?

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (November 5, 1775)²¹

[I] thought I could read in his [Benjamin Franklin’s] countenance the virtues of his heart, among which patriotism shone in its full luster, and with that is blended every virtue of a Christian: for a true patriot must be a religious man. I have been led to think from a late defection that he who neglects his duty to his Maker may well be expected to be deficient and insincere 120 | 121 in his duty towards the public. Even suppose him to possess a large share of what is called honor and public spirit, yet do not these men, by their bad example, by a loose, immoral conduct, corrupt the minds of youth and vitiate the morals of the age, and thus injury the public more than they can compensate by intrepidity, generosity, and honor? Let revenge or ambition, pride, lust, or profit, tempt these men to a base and vile action, you may as well hope to bind up a hungry tiger with a cobweb, as to hold such debauched patriots in the visionary chains of decency, or to charm them with the intellectual beauty of truth and reason…

It seems human nature is the same in all ages and countries. Ambition and avarice reign everywhere, and where they predominate, there will be bickering safter places of honor and profit…Besides, these ministers of Satan [the British] are rendering it every day more and more difficult, by their ravages and devastation, to tell a tale which will freeze the young blood of succeeding generations, as well as harrow up the souls of the present.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (November 12, 1775)²²

I could not join today in the petitions of our worthy pastor for a reconciliation between our no longer parent state, but tyrant state, and these colonies. Let us separate; they are unworthy to be our brethren. Let us renounce them; and instead of supplications, as formerly, for their prosperity and happiness, let us beseech the Almighty to blast their counsels and bring to naught all their devices [Ps. 33:10].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (March 16, 1776)²³

Perhaps Providence sees it necessary, in order to answer important ends and designs, that the sea of war should be changed from this to the southern colonies, that each may have a proper sympathy with the other, and unite in a separation. The refuge of the believer, amidst all the afflictive dispensations of Providence, is that the Lord reigneth [Ps. 93:1], and that He can restrain the arm of man… 140 | 143

The more I think of our enemies quitting Boston, the more amazed I am that they should leave such a harbor, such fortifications, such entrenchments, and that we should be in peaceable possession of a town which we expected would cost us a river of blood, without one drop shed. Surely it is the Lord’s doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes [Ps. 118:23; Mark 12:11]. Every foot of ground which they obtain now they must fight for, and may they purchase it at a Bunker Hill price.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (March 31, 1776)

“Remember the Ladies”

I have sometimes been ready to think that the passion for Liberty cannot be Equally Strong in the Breasts of those who have been accustomed to deprive their fellow Creatures of theirs. Of this I am certain that it is not founded upon that generous and Christian principal of doing to others as we would that others should do unto us…

I long to hear that you have declared an independency—and by the way in the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.

That your sex [men] are naturally tyrannical is a truth so thoroughly established as to admit of no dispute; but such of you as wish to be happy willingly give up the harsh title of master for the more tender and endearing one of friend [John 15:15]…Men of sense in all ages abhor those customs which treat us [women] only as the vassals of your sex; regard us then as being placed by Providence under your protection, and in imitation of the Supreme Being make use of that power only for our happiness.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (April 7, 1776)²⁴

But we, who have been bred in a land of liberty, scarcely know how to give credit to so unjust and arbitrary 151 | 152 a mandate of a despot. To cast off a faithful servant only for being the unhappy bearer of ill news degrades the man and dishonors the prince. The Congress, by employing him [Prussian General Baron de Woedtke] have shown a liberality of sentiment not confined to colonies or continents, but, to use the words of “Common Sense” [by Thomas Paine] have “carried their friendship on a larger scale, by claiming brotherhood with every European Christian, and may justly triumph in the generosity of the sentiment.”

Abigail Adams, To Mercy Otis Warren (April 27, 1776)²⁵

[I]f coveting my neighbor’s goods was not prohibited by the Sacred Law [Ex. 20:17; Deut. 5:21], I should be most certainly tempted to envy her [Mercy Otis Warren] the happy talent she possesses above the rest of her sex, by adorning with her pen even trivial occurrences, as well as dignifying the most important… 93 | 94

He [her husband, John Adams] is very saucy to me in return for a list of female grievances which I transmitted to him. I think I will get you to join me in a petition to Congress…I ventured to speak a word in behalf of our sex, who are rather hardly dealt with by the laws of England which gives such unlimited power to the husband to use his wife ill.

I requested that our legislators would consider our case and as all men of delicacy and sentiment are averse to exercising the power they possess, yet as there is a natural propensity in humane nature to domination, I thought the most generous plan was to put it out of the power of the arbitrary and tyranic to injure us [women] with impunity by establishing some laws in our favor upon just and liberal principles.

I believe I even threatened fomenting a rebellion in case we were not considered, and assured him we would not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we had neither a voice, nor representation.

In return he tells me he cannot but laugh at my extraordinary Code of laws…

So I have help’d the sex abundantly, but I will tell him I have only bene making trial of the disinterestedness of his virtue, and when weighed in the balance have found it wanting [Dan. 5:27].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (May 27, 1776)²⁶

Providence seems to have delivered into our hands the very articles most needed, and at a time when we were weak and not so well provided for as we could wish… 179 | 180

As a wife I must ever mourn the husband, friend, and lover of a thousand virtues, of all domestic bliss, the idol of my warmest affections, and, in a word, my every dream of happiness. Methinks I am like the poor widow in the Gospel, having given my mite, I sit down disconsolate.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (June 17, 1776)²⁷

I pity you, and feel for you under all the difficulties you have to encounter. My daily petitions to Heaven for you are that you may have health, wisdom, and fortitude sufficient to carry you through the great and arduous business in which you are engaged, and that your endeavors may be crowned with success… 186 | 187

I feel no great anxiety at the large armament designed against us. The remarkable interpositions of Heaven in our favor cannot be too gratefully acknowledged. He who fed the Israelites in the wilderness [Ex. 16], who clothes the lilies of the field [Matt. 6:28; Luke 12:27], and feeds the young ravens when they cry [Job 38:41; Ps. 147:9; Matt. 6:26; Luke 12:24], will not forsake a people engaged in so righteous a cause, if we remember his loving-kindness. We wanted power—we have supply. We wanted arms—we have been favored in that respect. We wanted hard money—twenty-two thousand dollars, and an equal value in plate, are delivered into our hands.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (July 14, 1776)

May the foundation of our new constitution, be justice, Truth and Righteousness. Like the wise Man’s house may it be founded upon those Rocks and then neither storms or tempests will overthrow it [Matt. 7].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (July 21, 1776)²⁸

Last Thursday, after hearing a very good sermon, I went with the multitude to King Street to hear the Proclamation for Independence read and proclaimed. Some field-pieces with the train were brought there. The troops appeared under arms, and all the inhabitants assembled there…when Colonel Crafts read from the balcony of the State House the proclamation. Great attention was given to every word. As soon as he ended, the cry from the balcony was, “God save our American States,” and then three cheers which rended the air. The bells rang, the privateers fired, the forts and batteries, the cannon were discharged, the platoons followed, and every face appeared joyful…After dinner, the King’s Arms were taken down from the State House, and every vestige of him from very place in which it appeared, and burnt in King Street. Thus ends royal authority in this State. And all the people shall say, Amen…Our worthy preacher told us that he believed one of our great sins, for which a righteous God has come out in judgment against us, was our bigoted attachment to so wicked a man. May our repentance be sincere.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (August 14, 1776)²⁹

Last Sunday, after service, the Declaration of Independence was read from the pulpit by order of Council. The Dr. [Rev. Samuel Cooper] concluded with asking a blessing “upon the United States of America even until the final restitution of all things” [referring to Judgement Day]. Dr. Chauncy’s [the minister of Boston’s First Church] address pleased me. The good man after having read it lifted his eyes and hands to heaven. “God bless the United States of America, and let all the people say Amen” [1 Chron. 16:36; Ps. 106:48]. One of his audience told me it universally struck them.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (August 29, 1776) [Letter I]³⁰

I wish for peace and tranquility. All my desire and all my ambition is to be esteemed and loved by my partner, to join with him in the education and instruction of our little ones, to sit under our own vine in peace, liberty, and safety.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (August 31, 1776)³¹

I will not, more than I can help, give way to rumors which I have no reason to believe are true. Yet at such a time as this when all the malice of Satan has possessed our foes, when they have recourse to secret poison, assassination, and every wicked art that Hell can muster, I own myself alarmed and my fears sometimes overpower me.

But I commit you to the great Guardian and protector of the just, and trust in him that we shall meet and rejoice together, in spite of all the malice of earth and Hell.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (September 15, 1776)³²

May you be as wise as serpents [Matt. 10:16].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (September 23, 1776)³³

Tis a most critical day with us. Heaven crown our arms with success.

Abigail Adams, To Mercy Otis Warren (January, 1777)³⁴

I am apt to think that our late misfortunes have called out the hidden Excellencies of our Commander in Chief—“affliction is the good man’s shining time.” The critical state of our affairs has shown him to great advantage. Heaven grant that his successes may be continued to him, tis natural to estimate the military ability of a man according to his successes.

Can you, do you? credit the report that is circulating with regard to the Farmer. We may well adopt the words of the Psalmist— 111 | 112

Lord what is man [Ps. 144:3]?

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (March 8, 1777)³⁵

An idea of 30 years and unmarried is sufficient to make people do very unaccountable things. Thank Heaven my heart was early fix’d and never deviated. The early impression has for succeeding years been gathering strength, and will outlast the brittle frame that contains it—tis a spark of Celestial fire and will burn with eternal vigor.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (April 17, 1777)³⁶

How great the mind that can overcome the fear of Death! How anxious the heart of a parent who looks round upon a family of young and helpless children and thinks of leaving them to a world full of snares and temptations which they have neither discretion to foresee, nor prudence to avoid…

As to clothing of any sort for myself or family I think no more of purchasing any than if they were to live like Adam and Eve in innocence…

I have neither poverty nor riches [Prov. 30:8] but food which is convenient for me and a heart to be thankful and content that in such perilous times so large a share of the comforts of life are allotted to me.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (May 6, 1777)³⁷

How much more merciful God is than man, in thus providentially bringing to light these horrid plots and schemes [counterfeiting New Hampshire currency]. I doubt not Heaven will still continue to favor us unless our iniquities prevent.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (May 10, 1777)³⁸

In one [a wax work by Patience Wright he was shown], the parable of the prodigal son is represented [Luke 15:11-32]. The prodigal is prostrate on his knees before his father, whose joy and grief and compassion all appear in his eyes and face, struggling with each other. A servant-maid, at the father’s command, is pulling down from a closet shelf the choicest robes to clothe the prodigal, who is all in rags. At an outward door in a corner of the room stands the brother, chagrined at his festivity, a servant coaxing him to come in. A large number of guests are placed round the room…Another historical piece I forgot, which is Elisha restoring to life the Shunamite’s son [2 Kings 4:8-37]. The joy of the mother upon discovering the first symptoms of life in the child is pretty strongly expressed.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (May 18, 1777)³⁹

Infidelity has been a growing part of the British character for many years. It is not so much to be wondered at that those who pay no regard to a Supreme Being should throw of all regard to their fellow-creatures and to those precepts and doctrines which require peace and good will to men [Luke 2:14], and in a particular manner distinguish the followers of Him who hath said, “By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love towards another” (John 13:35).

…Let us put it as much as possible out of their [the British] power to injure us, but let us keep in mind the precepts of Him who hath commanded us to love our enemies [Matt. 5:44] and to exercise towards them acts of humanity, benevolence, and kindness, even when they despitefully use us [Luke 6:27-28]…

If our cause is just, it will be best supported by justice and righteousness. Though we have many other crimes to answer for, that of cruelty to our enemies is not chargeable upon Americans, and I hope never will be. If we have erred, it is upon the side of mercy; and we have exercised so much lenity to our enemies as to endanger our friends. But their malice and wicked designs against us have and will oblige every State to proceed against them with more rigor. Justice and self-preservation are duties as much as incumbent upon Christians as forgiveness and love of enemies.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (July 10, 1777)⁴⁰

I could look pleasant upon you in the midst of sufferings—Almighty God carry me safely through them. There I would hope I have a friend ever nigh and ready to assist me, unto whom I commit myself.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (August 5, 1777)⁴¹

O human nature! or rather, O inhuman nature! what art thou?…

When I looked around me and beheld the bounties of Heaven so liberally bestowed, in fine fields of corn, grass, flax, and English grain, and thought it might soon become a prey to these merciless ravagers, our habitations laid waste, and if our flight preserved our lives, we must return to barren fields, empty barns, and desolate habitations, if any we find (perhaps not where to lay our heads), my heart was too full to bear the weight of affliction which I thought just ready to overtake us, and my body too weak almost to bear the shock, unsupported by my better half.

But, thanks be to Heaven, we are present relieved from our 290 | 291 fears respecting ourselves. I now feel anxious for your safety, but hope prudence will direct to a proper care and attention to yourselves. May this second attempt of Howe’s [a British general] prove his utter ruin. May destruction overtake him as a whirlwind…

It is almost thirteen years since we were united, but not more than half that time have we had the happiness of living together. The unfeeling world may consider it in what light they please. I consider it as a sacrifice to my country, and one of my greatest misfortunates, for you to be separated from my children, at a time of life when the joint instructions and admonition of parents sink deeper than in maturer years.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (September 24, 1777)⁴²

My dear friend knows that I could always conform to times and circumstances. As yet I know nothing of hardships. My children have never cried for bread nor been destitute of clothing [Ps. 37:25]. Nor have the poor and needy gone empty from my door whenever it was in my power to assist them [Isa. 58:7]. Heaven grant that I may continue to receive its blessings.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 20, 1777)⁴³

Providence for wise purpose has oftentimes since the commencement of this war brought about our deliverance by ways and means which have appeared to us the most improbable and unlikely; has given into our hands those things which we were destitute of, and in the greatest necessity for. So true it is, Acknowledge Him in all they ways and He shall direct thy paths [Prov. 3:6].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 22, 1777)⁴⁴

If true [that there was an American victory over the British], as I most sincerely hope, let us with gratitude acknowledge the interposition of Heaven in our favor.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 25, 1777)⁴⁵

The joyful news of the surrender of General Burgoyne and all his army to our victorious troops prompted me to take a ride this afternoon with my daughter to town, to join, tomorrow, with my friends in thanksgiving and praise to the Supreme Being who hath so remarkably delivered our enemies into our hands…

This day, dearest of friends, completes thirteen years since we 321 | 322 were solemnly united in wedlock. Three years of this time we have been cruelly separated. I have, patiently as I could, endured it, with the belief that you were serving your country and rendering your fellow creatures essential benefits. May future generations rise up and call you blessed [Prov. 31:28], and the present behave worthy of the blessings you are laboring to secure to them, and I shall have less reason to regret the deprivation of my own particular felicity.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (November 16, 1777)⁴⁶

Providence overrules things for the best, and will work out our salvation for us in the wisest and best manner, provided we perform our duty.

Abigail Adams, To Hannah Quincy Lincoln Storer (c. March 1, 1778)⁴⁷

Against an open and avowed enemy we may find some guard, but the secret murderer and dark assassin none but that Being without whose notice not a sparrow falls to the ground [Matt. 10:29], can protect or secure us…

I have sacrificed my own personal happiness and must look for my satisfaction in the consciousness of having discharged my duty to the public… 133 | 134

Join with me, my friend, in supplications to Heaven for the safety of my friend [John Adams], and for the success and faithful discharge of the important trust committed to him…

[I] will not regret it since she [her correspondent] has contributed to the happiness of a worthy man, and a deserving family—to whom as a peculiar Blessing of Heaven may she long be continued which will contribute much to the happiness of her affectionate [Portia].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (March 8, 1778)⁴⁸

O good Heaven! can I add, to the dark assassin, to the secret murderer, and the bloody emissary of as cruel a tyrant as God, in his righteous judgments, ever suffered to disgrace the throne of Britain…

The more distinguished the person, the greater the inveteracy of these foes of human nature…[B]ut my greatest comfort and consolation arise from the belief of a superintending Providence, to whom I can with confidence commit you, since not a sparrow falls to the ground without his notice. Were it not for this, I should be miserable and overwhelmed by my fears and apprehensions. 327 | 328

Freedom of sentiment, the life and soul of friendship, is in a great measure cut off by the danger of miscarriage the apprehension of letters falling into the hands of our enemies.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (May 18, 1778)⁴⁹

Hitherto my wandering ideas have roved, like the son of Ulysses, from sea to sea, and from shore to shore, not knowing where to find you; sometimes I fancied you upon the mighty waters, 330 | 331 sometimes at your desired haven, sometimes upon the ungrateful and hostile shore of Britain, but at all times, and in all places, under the protecting care and guardianship of that Being who not only clothes the lilies of the field [Matt. 6:28-30; Luke 12:27-28], and hears the young ravens when they cry [Ps. 147:9], but hath said, “Of how much more worth are ye than many sparrows” (Matt. 10:29-31; Luke 12:6-7); and this confidence, which the world cannot deprive me of, is my food by day and my rest by night, and was all my consolation under the horrid ideas of assassination—the only event of which I had not thought, and in some measure prepared my mind…

If an unwearied zeal and persevering attachment to the cause of truth and justice, regardless of the allurements of ambition on the one hand or the threats of calamity on the other, can entitle any one to the reward of peace, liberty, and safety, a large portion of those blessings are reserved for my friend in his native land.

“Oh, wouldst thou keep thy country’s loud applause,

Loved as her father, as her God adored,

Be still the bold assert of her cause,

Her voice in council; (in the fight her sword)

In peace, in war, pursue thy country’s good:

For her, bare thy bold breast and pour thy generous blood.”

Difficult as the day is, cruel as this war has been, separated as I am, on account of it, from the dearest connection in life, I would not exchange my country for the wealth of the Indies, or be any other than an American, though I might be queen or empress of any nation upon the globe. My soul is unambitious of pomp or power. Beneath my humble roof, blessed with the society 331 | 332 and tenderest affection of my dear partner, I have enjoyed as much felicity and as exquisite happiness as falls to the share of mortals. And, though I have been called to sacrifice to my country, I can glory in my sacrifice and derive pleasure from my intimate connection with one who is esteemed worthy of the important trust devolved upon him.

Britain, as usual, has added insult to injustice and cruelty, by what she calls a conciliatory plan. From my soul I despise her meanness; but she has long ago lost that treasure which, a great authority tells us, exalteth a nation [Prov. 14:34], and is receiving the reproaches due to her crimes…Were there ten such [righteous] men to be found, I should still have some hopes that a revolution would take place in favor of the virtuous few [Gen. 18:32], “and the laws, the rights, the generous plan of power delivered down from age to age by our renowned forefathers” be again restored to that unhappy island.

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (June 10, 1778)⁵⁰

It is a very difficult task, my dear son, for a tender parent, to bring her mind to part with a child of your years, going to a distant land; nor could I have acquiesced in such a separation under any other care than that of the most excellent parent and guardian who accompanied you…

The most amiable and most useful disposition in a young mind is diffidence of itself; and this should lead you to seek advice 334 | 335 and instruction from him who is your natural guardian and will always counsel and direct you in the best manner, both for your present and future happiness. You are in possession of a natural good understanding, and of spirits unbroken by adversity and untamed with care. Improve your understanding by acquiring useful knowledge and virtue, such as will render you an ornament to society, an honor to your country, and a blessing to your parents. Great learning and superior abilities, should you ever possess them, will be of little value and small estimation, unless virtue, honor, truth and integrity are added to them. Adhere to those religious sentiments and principles which were early instilled into your mind and remember that you are accountable to your Maker for all your words and actions.

Let me enjoin it upon you to attend constantly and steadfastly to the precepts and instructions of your Father as you value the happiness of your Mother and your own welfare. His care and attention to you render many things unnecessary for me to write, which I might otherwise do; but the inadvertency and heedlessness of youth, requires line upon line and precept upon precept [Isa. 28:10, 13], and when enforced by the joint efforts of both parents will I hope have a due influence upon your conduct, for dear as you are to me, I had much rather you should have found your grave in the ocean you have crossed, or an untimely death crop you in your infant years, than see you an immoral, profligate, or graceless child.

You have entered early in life upon the great theater of the world, which is full of temptations and vice of every kind. You are not wholly unacquainted with history, in which you have read of crimes which your inexperienced mind could scarcely believe credible. You have been taught to think of them with horror, and to view vice as

“a monster of so frightful mien

That, to be hated, needs but to be seen.”

Yet you must keep a strict guard upon yourself, or the odious monster will soon lose its terror by becoming familiar to you. The modern history of our own times furnishes as black a list of crimes as can be paralleled in ancient times, even if we go back 335 | 336 to Nero, Caligula, or Caesar Borgia. Young as you are, the cruel war into which you have been compelled by the haughty tyranny of Britain and the bloody emissaries of his vengeance may stamp upon your mind this certain truth, that the welfare and prosperity of all countries, communities, and, I may add, individuals, depend upon their morals. That nation to which we were once united, as it has departed from justice, eluded and subverted the wise laws which formerly governed it, and suffered the worst of crimes to go unpunished, has lost its valor, wisdom, and humanity, and, from being the dread and terror of Europe, has sunk into derision and infamy.

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (September 29, 1778)⁵¹

Be dutiful my dear son, be thoughtful, be serious, do not gather the thorns and the thistles [Matt. 7:16], but collect such a garland of flowers as will flourish in your native climate, and bloom upon your brows with an unfading verdure.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (December 27, 1778)⁵²

Gracious Heaven! Hear and answer my daily petition, by banishing all my grief.

Abigail Adams, To James Lovell (February/March, 1779)⁵³

Monkies, Maccoronies and pate Ma’ters have multiplied like Egypt locusts [Ex. 10:1-20]. Luxury, luxury with her enticing charms has unbraced their nerves and extinguished that noble ardor, that zeal for liberty, “that manly soul of toil,” that impatient scorn of base subjection which once distinguished the inhabitants of your native town and led them first and foremost in the present glorious struggle.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (June 8, 1779)⁵⁴

The universal cry for bread, to a humane heart, is painful beyond description, and the great price demanded and given for it verifies that pathetic passage of Sacred Write, “All that a man hath will he give for his life” (Job 2:4). Yet He who miraculously fed a multitude with five loaves and two fishes [Matt. 14:13-21; Mark 6:30-42; Luke 9:10-17; John 6:1-14] has graciously interposed in our favor, and delivered many of the enemy’s supplies intro our hands, so that our distresses have been mitigated… 362 | 363

In contemplation of my situation, I am sometimes thrown into an agony of distress. Distance, dangers, and oh, I cannot name all the fears which sometimes oppress me, and harrow up my soul. Yet must the common lot of man one day take place, whether we dwell in our native land or are far distant from it. That we rest under the shadow of the Almighty [Ps. 91:1] is the consolation to which I resort, and find that comfort which the world cannot give [John 14:27]. If He sees best to give me back my friend [John Adams], or to preserve my life to him, it will be so…

The testimony he [Dr. Winthrop, from Harvard College] gave with his dying breath in favor of revealed religion does honor to his memory and will endear it to every lover of virtue… 363 | 364

Our currency seems to be the source of all our evils. We cannot fill up our Continental army by means of it.

Abigail Adams, To James Lovell (June 18-26, 1779)⁵⁵

This state will find it something difficult to supply the places of the present indefatigable laborers there. It begins to be considered as rather burdensome and no loaves and fishes to be caught [Jesus feeding of the five thousand]—But if virtue says my absent friend on a similar occasion, was to be rewarded with wealth it would not be virtue, if virtue was to be rewarded with fame it would not be virtue of the sublimest kind.

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (March 20, 1780)⁵⁶

You have seen how inadequate the aid of man would have been, if the winds and the seas had not been under the particular government of that Being who stretched out the Heavens as a span, who holdeth the ocean in the hollow of his hand [Isa. 40:12], and rideth upon the wings of the wind [Ps. 104:3].

If you have a due sense of your preservation, your next consideration will be, for what purposes you are continued in life?—It is not to rove from clime to clime, to gratify an idle curiosity, but every new mercy you receive [Lam. 3:22-23] is a new debt upon you, a new obligation to a diligent discharge of the various relations in which you stand connected; in the first place to 171 | 172 your Great Preserver, in the next to society in general, in particular to your country, to your parents and to yourself.

The only sure and permanent foundation of virtue is religion. Let this important truth be engraven upon your heart [Prov. 7:3], and that the foundation of religion is the belief of the one only God, and a just sense of his attributes as a Being infinitely wise, just, and good, to whom you owe the highest reverence, gratitude and adoration, who superintends and governs all nature, even to clothing the lilies of the field [Matt. 6:28; Luke 12:27] and hearing the young ravens when they cry [Ps. 147:9], but more particularly regards man whom he created after his own Image [Gen. 1:27] and breathed into him an immortal spirit [Gen. 2:7] capable of a happiness beyond the grave, to the attainment of which he is bound to the performance of certain duties which all tend to the happiness and welfare of society and are comprised in one short sentence expressive of universal benevolence, “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself” (Matt. 22:39; Mark 12:31) and is elegantly defined by Mr. Pope in his Essay on Man:

“Remember, Man, the universal cause

Acts not by partial, but by general laws

And makes what happiness we justly call

Subsist not in the good of one but all

There’s not a Blessing individuals find

But some way leans and hearkens to the kind.”

Thus has the Supreme Being made the good will of Man towards his fellow creatures an evidence of his regard to him, and to this purpose has constituted him a dependent being, and made his happiness to consist in society. Man early discovered this propensity of his nature and found

“Eden was tasteless till Eve was there.”

Justice, humanity and benevolence are the duties you owe to society in general. To your country the same duties are incumbent upon you with the additional obligation of sacrificing ease, pleasure, wealth and life itself for its defense and security.

To your parents you owe Love, reverence and obedience to all just and Equitable commands. To yourself—here indeed is a wide Field to expatiate upon. To become what you ought to 172 | 173 be and, what a fond Mother wishes to see you, attend to some precepts and instructions from the pen of one who can have no motive but your welfare and happiness, and who wishes in this way to supply to you, the personal watchfulness, and care which a separation from you, deprives you of at a period of Life when habits are easiest acquired, and fixed, and though the advice may not be new, yet suffer it to obtain a place in your memory, for occasions may offer and perhaps some concurring circumstances give it weight and force.

Suffer me to recommend to you one of the most useful Lessons of Life, the knowledge and study of yourself. There you run the greatest hazard of being deceived. Self-Love and partiality cast a mist before the Eyes, and there is no knowledge so hard to be acquired, nor of more benefit when once thoroughly understood. Ungoverned passions have aptly been compared to the Boisterous ocean which is known to pro­duce the most terrible Effects. “Passions are the Elements of life” but Elements which are subject to the control of Reason. Whoever will candidly examine themselves will find some degree of passion, peevishness or obstinacy in their Natural tempers. You will seldom find these disagreeable ingredients all united in one, but the uncontrollable indulgence of either is sufficient to render the possessor unhappy in himself and disagreeable to all who are so unhappy as to be witnesses of it, or suffer from its Effects.

You my dear son are formed with a constitution feelingly alive, your passions are strong and impetuous and though I have sometimes seen them hurry you into excesses, yet with pleasure I have observed a frankness and Generosity accompany your Efforts to govern and subdue them. Few persons are so subject to passion but that they can command themselves when they have a motive sufficiently strong, and those who are most apt to transgress will restrain themselves through respect and Reverence to Superiors, and even where they wish to recommend themselves to their equals. The due Government of the passions has been considered in all ages as a most valuable acquisition, hence an inspired writer observes, He that is slow to anger is better than the Mighty, and he that ruleth his Spirit than he that taketh a city [Prov. 16:32]. This passion unrestrained by reason cooperating with power has produced the Subversion 173 | 174 of cities, the desolation of countries, the Massacre of Nations, and filled the world with injustice and oppression. Behold your own Country, your Native Land suffering from the Effects of Lawless power and Malignant passions, and learn betimes from your own observation and experience to govern and control yourself. Having once obtained this self-government you will find a foundation laid for happiness to yourself and usefulness to Mankind. “Virtue alone is happiness below,” and consists in cultivating and improving every good inclination and in checking and subduing every propensity to Evil. I have been particular upon the passion of Anger, as it is generally the most predominant passion at your age, the soonest excited, and the least pains taken to subdue it.

“What composes Man, can Man destroy.”

I do not mean however to have you insensible to real injuries. He who will not turn when he is trodden upon is deficient in point of spirit, yet if you can preserve good Breeding and decency of Manners you will have an advantage over the aggressor and will maintain a dignity of character which will always insure you respect even from the offender…

Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (May 8, 1780)⁵⁷

Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (July 16, 1780)⁵⁸

Yet, should Heaven bless our endeavors, and crown this year with the blessings of peace, no exertion will be thought too great, no price of property too dear. My whole soul is absorbed in the idea…My constant petition for him [John Adams] is that he may so discharge the trust reposed in him as to merit the approving eye of Heaven, and peace, liberty, and safety crown his latest years in his own native land.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 8, 1780)⁵⁹

How ineffectual is the tie of honor to bind the humane mind, unless accompanied by more permanent and efficacious principals? Will he who laughs at a future state of retribution, and holds himself accountable only to his fellow mortals disdain the venal bribe, or spurn the ignoble hand that proffers it.

Yet such is the unhappy lot of our native land, too, too many of our chief actors have been and are unprincipled wretches, or we could not have suffered as we have done. It is righteousness, not iniquity, that exalteth a nation [Prov. 14:34]. There are so many and so loud complaints against some persons in office that I am apt to think neither age nor fame will screen them…

But my dear friend well knows that the honor does not consist so much in the trust reposed, as in the able, the honest, the upright and faithful discharge of it. From these sources I can derive a pleasure, 179 | 180 which neither accumulated honors, wealth, or power, could bestow without them…

The death of Mr. Hall, who full of years, was last week gathered to the great congregation, will be no matter of surprise to you.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 15, 1780)⁶⁰

For, however the belief of a particular Providence may be exploded by the modern wits, and the infidelity of too many of the rising generation deride the idea, the infidelity of too many of the rising generation deride the idea, yet the virtuous mind will loop up and acknowledge the great First Cause, without whose notice not even a sparrow falls to the ground [Matt. 10:29].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (January 28, 1781)⁶¹

A false weight and a false balance are an abomination, and in that light this tender act [for printing more money] must be viewed by every impartial person. Who, but an idiot, would believe that forty was equal to seventy-five? But the repeal gives us reason to hope that justice and righteousness will again exalt our nation [Prov. 14:34]; that public faith will be 388 | 389 restored; that individuals will lend to the public; and that the heavy taxes, which now distress all orders, will be lessened…

He who, as an individual, is cruel, unjust, and immoral, will not be likely to possess the virtues necessary in a general or statesman. Yet in our infant country, infidelity and debauchery are so fashionably prevalent that less attention is paid to the characters of those who fill important offices, than a love of virtue and zeal for public liberty can warrant; which, we are told by wise legislators of old, are the surest preservatives of public happiness.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (May 25, 1781)⁶²

In this beautiful month, when nature wears her gayest garb, and animal and vegetable life is diffused on every side, when the cheerful hand of industry is laying a foundation for a plentiful harvest, who can forbear to rejoice in the season, or refrain from looking “through nature up to nature’s God”⁶³:

 To feel the present Deity, and taste
The joy of God, to see a happy world” [James Thomson, Spring, lines 902-3].

While my heart expands, it, sighing, seeks its associate, and joins its first parent [Eve] in that beautiful description of Milton⁶⁴:

“Sweet is the breath of Morn, her rising sweet,
With charm of earliest birds; pleasant the sun,
When first on this delightful land he spread
His orient beams on herb, tree, fruit, and flower,
Glistering with dew, fragrant the fertile earth
After soft showers; and sweet the coming on
Of grateful Evening mild; then silent Night
With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon,
And these the gems of heaven, her starry train;
But neither breath of morn when she ascends
With charm of earliest birds; nor rising sun
On this delightful land; nor herb, fruit, flower,
Glistering with dew; nor fragrance after showers;
Not grateful Evening mild; nor silent Night
With this her solemn bird, nor walk by moon,
Or glittering starlight, without thee is sweet.”

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (May 26, 1781)⁶⁵

Inquire of the historic page, and let your own observations second the inquiry, whence arises the difference [among nations]? And when compared, learn to cultivate those dispositions, and to practice those virtues which tend most to the benefit and happiness of mankind.

The great Author of our religion [Jesus] frequently inculcates universal benevolence, and taught us both by precept and example when He promulgated peace and goodwill to man [Luke 2:14], a doctrine very different from that which actuates the hostile invaders and the cruel ravagers of mighty kingdoms and nations.

Abigail Adams, To Elbridge Gerry (July 20, 1781)⁶⁶

History informs us that the single virtue of Cato, upheld the Roman Empire for a time, and a righteous few might have saved from the impending wrath of an offended deity the ancient cities of Sodom and Gomorrah [Gen. 19]. Why then my dear sir, may I ask you, do you wish to withdraw yourself from public life?

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (April 10, 1782)⁶⁷

How did it [“my heart”] leap for joy to find I was not the miserable being I sometimes feared I was. I felt that gratitude to Heaven which great deliverances both demand and inspire. I will not distrust the providential care of the supreme disposer of events, from whose hand I have so frequently received distinguished favors…

The restoration of my dearest friend from so dangerous a sickness, demands all my gratitude, whilst I fail not to supplicate Heaven for the continuance of a life upon which my temporal happiness rests, and deprived of which my own existence would become a burden… 219 | 220

Hope is my best friend and kindest comforter; she assures me that the pure unabated affection, which neither time or absence can allay or abate, shall e’er long be crowned with the completion of its fondest wishes, in the safe return of the beloved object; the age of romance has long ago past, but the affection of almost infant years has matured and strengthened until it has become a vital principle, nor has the world anything to bestow which could in the smallest degree compensate for the loss. Desire and sorrow were denounced upon our sex; as a punishment for the transgression of Eve [Gen. 3:16]. I have sometimes thought that we are formed to experience more exquisite sensations than is the lot of your sex. More tender and susceptible by nature of those impressions which create happiness or misery, we suffer and enjoy in a higher degree. I never wondered at the philosopher who thanked the Gods that he was created a man rather than a woman… 220 | 221

You will ask me I suppose what is become of my patriotic virtue? It is that which most ardently calls for your return. I greatly fear that the climate in which you now reside will prove fatal to your life, whilst your life and usefulness might be many years of service to your country in a more healthy climate. If the essentials of her political system are safe, as I would fain hope they are, yet the impositions and injuries, to which she is hourly liable, and daily suffering, call for the exertions of her wisest and ablest citizens. You know by many years experience what it is to struggle with difficulties—with wickedness in high places—from thence you are led to covet a private station as the post of honor, but should such an idea generally prevail, who would be left to stem the torrent?

Should we at this day possess those invaluable blessings transmitted us by our venerable ancestors, if they had not enforced by their example, what they taught by their precepts?…

Can I believe that the man who fears neither poverty or dangers, who sees no charms sufficient either in riches, power or places to tempt him in the least to swerve from the purest sentiments of honor and delicacy; will retire, unnoticed, fameless to a rustic cottage there by dint of labor to earn his bread. I need not much examination of my heart to say I would not willingly consent to it.

Have not Cincinnatus and Regulus been handed down to posterity, with immortal honor?

Without fortune it is more than probable we shall end our days, but let the well-earned Fame of having Sacrificed those prospects, from a principal of universal Benevolence and good will to Man, descend as an inheritance to our offspring. The Luxury of Foreign Nations may possibly infect them but they have not before them an example of it, so far as respects their domestic life. They are not Bred up with an Idea of possessing Hereditary Riches or Grandeur. Retired from the Capital, they see little of the extravagance or dissipation, which prevails 221 | 222 there, and at the close of day, in lieu of the Card table, some useful Book employs their leisure hours. These habits early fixed, and daily inculcated, will I hope render them useful and ornamental Members of Society. But we cannot see into futurity.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (June 20, 1783)⁶⁸

We want a Solomon in wisdom, to guide and conduct this great people: at this critical era, when the counsels which are taken, and the measures which are pursued; will make our future character either with honor, and fame, or disgrace, and infamy; in adversity, we have conducted with prudence and magnanimity. Heaven forbid, that we should grow giddy with prosperity, or the height to which we have soared, render a fall conspicuously fatal.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (October 19, 1783)⁶⁹

Both ancient and modern history furnish us with repeated proofs, that virtue must look beyond this shifting theater for its reward; but the love of praise is a passion deeply rooted in the mind and in this we resemble the Supreme Being who is most gratified with thanksgiving and praise. Those who are most affected with it, partake most of that particle of divinity which distinguishes mankind from the inferior creation; no one who deserves commendation can despise it, but we too frequently see it refused where it is due, and bestowed upon very undeserving characters. [Quoting Dr. Price] “…Let us remember these truths in judging of men. Let us consider that true goodness is uniform and consistent; and learn never to place any great confidence in those pretenders to public spirit, who are not men of virtuous characters. They may boast of their attachment to a public cause, but they want the living root of virtue, and should not be depended upon.”

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (November 20, 1783)⁷⁰

You will doubtless have heard of the death of your worthy grandpappa, before this reaches you. He left you a legacy more valuable than gold or silver—he left you his blessing and his prayers, that you might return to your country and friends improved in knowledge, and matured in virtue, that you might 258 | 259 become a useful citizen, a guardian of the laws, liberty and religion of your country, as your father (he was pleased to say) had already been. Lay this bequest up in your memory, and practice upon it, believe me, you will find it a treasure that neither moth, or rust can devour [Matt. 6:20; Luke 12:33].

…Christianity, which teaches us to forgive our enemies [Matt. 5:44; Rom. 12:14], prevents me from enjoining upon you a similar vow, to that which Hamilcar [Carthaginian general] obtained from his son Hannibal [Carthaginian general who invaded Rome], but I know not how to think of loving those haughty Islanders [the British].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (December 15, 1783)⁷¹

I went to hear Mr. Clark, who is settled with Dr. Chauncey; this gentleman gave us an animated elegant and sensible discourse from Isaiah 55 chapter and 12th verse—“For ye shall go out with joy, and be led forth with peace; the mountains and the hill shall break forth before you into singing, and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands.”

Whilst he ascribed glory and praise unto the most high, he considered the worthy disinterested, and undaunted patriots as the instruments in the hand of providence of accomplishing what was marvelous in our eyes [Ps. 118:23; Mark 12:11]; he recapitulated the dangers they had passed through, and the hazards they had run; the firmness which had in a particular manner distinguished some characters, not only early to engage in so dangerous a contest, but in spite of our gloomy prospects they persevered even unto the end; until they had obtained a peace safe and honorable; large as our designs, capacious as our wishes, and much beyond our expectations.

How did my heart dilate with pleasure when as each event [of the Revolution] was particularized [by the pastor in the sermon], I could trace my friend as a principal in them; could say, it was he, who was one of the first in joining the band of patriots; who formed our first national counsel. It was he, who though happy in his domestic attachments, left his wife, his children, then but infants, even surrounded with the horrors of war; terrified and distressed, the week after the memorable 17^th of April [Battle of Lexington and Concord], left them to the protection of that Providence which has never forsaken them, and joined himself undismayed to that respectable body, of which he was a member [Congress]. Trace his conduct through every period, you will find him the same undaunted character: encountering the dangers of the ocean; risking captivity, and a dungeon; contending with wickedness in high places [Eph. 6:12]; jeopardizing his life, endangered 260 | 261 by the intrigues, revenge, and malice, of a potent, though defeated nation [Great Britain].

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (December 26, 1783)⁷²

The early age at which you went abroad; gave you not an opportunity of becoming acquainted with your own country…The characters with which you were connected, and the conversations you continually heard, must have impressed your mind with a sense of the laws, the liberties, and the glorious privileges, which distinguish the free, sovereign, independent States of America.

Compare them with the vassalage of the Russian government you had described [and other countries]…not one of which can boast that first of blessings, the glory of humane nature, the 263 | 264 inestimable privilege of setting down under their vines and fig trees, enjoying in peace and security whatever Heaven has lent them, having none to make them afraid [Mic. 4:4].

Abigail Adams, To Royall Tyler (January 4, 1785)⁷³

I believe, however, there are some practices which neither time nor custom will ever make me a convert to. If I thought they would, I would fly the country and its inhabitants as a pestilence that walketh in darkness and a plague that wasteth at noon day [Ps. 91:6].

Abigail Adams, To Elizabeth Smith Shaw (January 11, 1785)⁷⁴

That knowledge which is obtained in early life becomes every day more useful, as it is commonly that which is best retained. To be good, and do good, is the whole duty of man, comprised in a few words [Ecc. 12:13]; but what a capacious field does it open to our view? And how many characters may grow from this root, whose useful branches may shade the oppressed; may comfort the dejected: may heal the wounded: may cure the sick, may defend the invaded; may enrich the poor. In short those who possess the disposition will never want employment. 336 | 337

…I would not, that a son of mine, should form any sentiments with respect to any female, but those of due decorum, and a general complacence, which every youth acquainted with good manners, and civility will practice towards them, until years have matured their judgment, and learning has made them wise. I would, that they should have no passion but for science, and no mistress but literature: “so shall discretion preserve them and understanding keep them. If they incline their ears to wisdom and apply their hearts to understanding” (Prov. 2:11, 2)… 337 | 339

They have a church which belongs to the Hospitals, but I had not time to see it. Whilst we approve the charitable disposition, and applaud the wise institution which alleviates the fate of helpless innocence, can we draw a veil over the guilty cause, or refrain from comparing a country grown old in debauchery and lewdness with the wise laws and institutions of one wherein marriage is considered as holy and honorable, wherein industry and sobriety enables parents to rear a numerous offspring, and where the laws provide a resource for illegitimacy by obliging the parents to a maintenance, and if not to be obtained there, they become the charge of the town or parish where they are born: but how few the instances of their being totally abandoned by their parents? Whereas I have been credibly informed that one half the children annually born in that immense City of Paris, are enfans trouvés.

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (June 26, 1785)

On Meeting George III

The General Idea here is that the United States find a house and furnish it like other powers, but we know the contrary to our cost. The wages of servants, house rent, and every other article is much higher than in France. The constant Letters petitions and applications from every quarter is incredible, and the fees to the Court Servants the same as in France, only they come to your house here and demand them as the perquisites of their office…

We were presented last Thursday at a very full drawing room, and stood more than four hours. You will easily conceive that we were sufficiently fatigued. I own I had some disagreeable feelings upon the occasion. His Majesty had got over his worst, in the presentation of your Father whom however he received with much civility. He therefore looked very jovial and good humored when I was presented to him. Her Majesty was evidently embarrassed and confused. She however spoke to me with politeness, and asked me if I had got into my House, and how I liked the situation. The two princesses had something to say both to me and your sister, in an obliging familiar Stile. But their task is not to be Coveted, to attend these circles once a week, except in the summer, when they hold them only once a fortnight, and to have to go round to every person and find something to say to all, is paying dearly for their Rank. They do it however with great affability, and give general satisfaction, but I could not help reflecting with myself during the ceremony, what a fool do I look like to be thus accutored [sic] and stand here for 4 hours together, only for to be spoken too, by “royalty.”

…I found the Court like the rest of Mankind, mere Men and Women, and not of the most personable kind neither. I had vanity enough to come away quite self-satisfied, for though I could not boast of making an appearance in point of person or richness of attire with many of them—the latter I carefully avoided the appearance of, yet I know I will not strike my colors to many of them. We have no reason to complain of any want of politeness or attention at Court…As to success in negotiation time will disclose it, but more time may be necessary than perhaps our Country will imagine. There are many prejudices to remove, and every wheel is in motion to spin the threads stronger, but they must take care they do not make it into a Gordian knot least it should like that, require the sword to cut it.

Abigail Adams, To John Quincy Adams (September 6, 1785)

Those who look beyond the present moment foresee the consequences, that this Nation will never leave us until they drive us into Power, and Greatness that will finally shake this kingdom. We must struggle hard first, and find many difficulties to encounter, but we may be a Great and a powerful Nation if we will; industry and frugality, wisdom, and virtue must make us so. I think America is taking Steps towards a reform, and I know her Capable of whatever she undertakes. I hope you will never lose sight of her interests, but make her welfare your study, and spend those hours which others devote to Cards and folly in investigating the Great principles by which nations have risen to Glory and eminence, for your Country will one day call for your services, either in the Cabinet or Field. Qualify yourself to do honor to her.

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (February 8, 1797)⁷⁵

You have this day to declare yourself head of a nation [the day the 1796 election results were announced]. And now O Lord my God thou hast made thy servant ruler over the people. Give unto him an understanding heart, that he may know how to go out, and come in before this great people, that he may discern between good and bad, for who is able to judge this, thy so great People? were the words of a royal sovereign [Solomon], and not less applicable to him who is invested with the Chief Magistracy [Presidency] of a nation, though he wear not a crown, or the robes of royalty [1 Kings 3:1-15].

My thoughts, and my meditations are with you, though personally absent, and my petitions to Heaven are that the things which make for peace, may not be hidden from your eyes. My feelings are not those of pride, or ostentation upon the occasion. They are solemnized by a sense of the obligations, the important trusts and numerous duties connected with it. That you may be enabled to discharge them with honor to yourself, with justice and impartiality to your country, and with satisfaction to this Great People [1 Kings 3:9] shall be the daily prayer of your [Abigail Adams].

Abigail Adams, To John Adams (February 13, 1797)

Racism and the Golden Rule

I have been much diverted with a little occurrence which took place a few Days since and which serve to show how little founded in nature, the so much boasted principle of Liberty and equality is. Master Heath has opened an Evening School to instruct a Number of Apprentices Lads cyphering, at a shilling a week, finding their own wood and candles.

James desired that he might go. I told him to go with my compliments to Master Heath and ask him if he would take him. He did and Master Heath returned for answer that he would. Accordingly, James went after about a week, Neighbor Faxon came in one Evening and requested to Speak to me. His errant was to inform me that if James went to School, it would break up the School, for the other Lads refused to go.

Pray Mr. Faxon has the Boy misbehaved? If he has, let the Master turn him out of School.

O no, there was no complaint of that kind, but they did not choose to go to School with a Black Boy.

And why not object to going to Meeting because he does, Mr. Faxon? Is there not room enough in the School for him to take his Separate form[?]

Yes.

Did these Lads ever object to James playing for them when at a Dance. How can they bear to have a Black in the Room with them then?

O it is not I that Object, or my Boys, it is some others.

Pray who are they? Why did not they come themselves?

This, Mr. Faxon is attacking the Principle of Liberty and equality upon the only Ground upon which it ought to be supported, an equality of Rights. The Boy is a Freeman as much as any of the young Men, and merely because his Face is Black, is he to be denied instruction. How is he to be qualified to procure a livelihood? Is this the Christian Principle of doing to others, as we would have others do to us?

O Mam, you are quite right. I hope You won’t take any offence.

None at all Mr. Faxon, only be so good as to send the Young Men to me. I think I can convince them that they are wrong. I have not thought it any disgrace to Myself to take him into my parlor and teach him both to read and write— tell them Mr. Faxon that I hope we shall all go to Heaven together—upon which Faxon laughed, and thus ended the conversation I have not heard anymore upon the Subject.

Abigail Adams, To Cotton Tufts (November 28, 1800)

Slavery and the Building of the White House

The effects of Slavery are visible everywhere; and I have amused myself from day to day in looking at the labor of 12 negroes from my window, who are employed with four small Horse Carts to remove some dirt in front of the house. the four carts are all loaded at the same time, and whilst four carry this rubbish about half a mile, the remaining eight rest upon their Shovels, Two of our hardy N[ew] England men would do as much work in a day as the whole 12, but it is true Republicanism that drive the Slaves half fed, and destitute of clothing, or fit for [manual] labor, whilst the owner watches about Idle, though his one Slave is all the property he can boast.

Diary

Abigail Adams, To Mary Smith Cranch, Ship Diary (July 6, 1784)⁷⁶

Tis a vast tract of ocean which we have to traverse; I have contemplated it with its various appearances; it is indeed a secret world of wonders, and one of the sublimest objects in nature.

“Thou makest the foaming billows roar

Thou makest the roaring billows sleep.”

They proclaim the deity, and are objects too vast for the control of feeble man, that Being alone, who maketh the clouds his chariots and rideth upon the wings of the wind [Ps. 104:3]; is equal to the government of this stupendous part of creation.

Abigail Adams, To Mary Smith Cranch, Ship Diary (July 8, 1784)⁷⁷

Marveling at God’s Creation

I went last evening upon deck, at the invitation of Mr. Foster, to view that phenomenon of nature; a blazing ocean. A light flame spreads over the ocean in appearance; with thousands of thousands sparkling gems, resembling our fireflies in a dark night. It has a most beautiful appearance. I never view the ocean without being filled with ideas of the sublime, and am ready to break forth with the Psalmist, “Great and marvelous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; in Wisdom hast thou made them all” (Ps. 104:24).

Abigail Adams, Diary of her Return Voyage to America (April, 1788)⁷⁸

Trust in the Lord, and do good [Prov. 3:5, et al]. I will endeavor to practice this precept.

Footnotes

1. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 4. ↩︎
2. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 18. ↩︎
3. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 20. ↩︎
4. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 33. ↩︎
5. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 39. ↩︎
6. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 44. ↩︎
7. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 41-42. ↩︎
8. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 49. ↩︎
9. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 50. ↩︎
10. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 61. ↩︎
11. Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 65. ↩︎
12. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 67. ↩︎
13. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 70. ↩︎
14. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 73. ↩︎
15. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 77. ↩︎
16. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 86-87. ↩︎
17. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 89. ↩︎
18. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 95-96. ↩︎
19. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 99, 100. ↩︎
20. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 103, 104, 105. ↩︎
21. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 120-21. ↩︎
22. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 122. ↩︎
23. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 140, 143. ↩︎
24. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 151-52. ↩︎
25. Abigail Adams, Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 93, 94. ↩︎
26. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 179, 180. ↩︎
27. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 186, 187. ↩︎
28. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 205. ↩︎
29. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 213. ↩︎
30. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 223. ↩︎
31. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 105. ↩︎
32. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 229. ↩︎
33. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 110. ↩︎
34. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 111-12. ↩︎
35. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 114. ↩︎
36. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 116. ↩︎
37. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 273. ↩︎
38. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 274. ↩︎
39. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 278. ↩︎
40. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 123. ↩︎
41. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 290-91. ↩︎
42. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 313. ↩︎
43. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 318. ↩︎
44. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 318. ↩︎
45. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 321-22. ↩︎
46. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 325. ↩︎
47. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 133, 134. ↩︎
48. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 327-28. ↩︎
49. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 330-32. ↩︎
50. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 334-36. ↩︎
51. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 148. ↩︎
52. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 350. ↩︎
53. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 150. ↩︎
54. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 362, 363, 364. ↩︎
55. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 157. ↩︎
56. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 171-73. ↩︎
57. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 174. ↩︎
58. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 381-82. ↩︎
59. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 179-80. ↩︎
60. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 385. ↩︎
61. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 388-89. ↩︎
62. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 390. ↩︎
63. Alexander Pope, Essay on Man, Epistle 4 (line 332). ↩︎
64. Eve’s response to Adam from John Milton, Paradise Lost (Book IV, lines 641-56). ↩︎
65. John and Abigail Adams, Frank Shuffelton, ed., The Letters of John and Abigail Adams (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 393-94. ↩︎
66. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 203. ↩︎
67. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 219, 220, 221-22. ↩︎
68. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 249. ↩︎
69. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 255. ↩︎
70. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 258-59. ↩︎
71. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 260. ↩︎
72. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 263-64. ↩︎
73. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 333. ↩︎
74. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: The Library of America, 2016), 336, 337, 339. ↩︎
75. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 561. ↩︎
76. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 277. ↩︎
77. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 280. ↩︎
78. Abigail Adams, Edith Gelles, ed., Abigail Adams: Letters (New York: Library of America, 2016), 453. ↩︎